How flowers are ‘put to sleep’ for long sea voyages

Kenya’s flower producers are one of the nation’s biggest employers

Workers in heavy coats shift boxes of flowers from a cold store into a refrigerated container. Once packed, these blooms will travel hundreds of miles by road, in a special ‘controlled atmosphere’ container from Nairobi to the coast.

On arrival at Kenya’s biggest seaport, Mombasa, the container is loaded onto a ship for a voyage to Europe of around 30 days. Despite their lengthy journey, they will still be sold to European shoppers with a vase-life of about a week.

So, how is this possible?

“The flowers will be kept at a temperature of 0.5c throughout the journey,” says Elizabeth Kimani, the manager of quality and standards at Sian Flowers.

As well as controlling the temperature, the atmosphere system in the container reduces the oxygen level from 20% to 4%, while increasing the carbon dioxide level from 0.4% to 4%.

This technology is all part of the elaborate process of preserving the blooms for as long as possible.

“Through this [system] you stop all activity in the flowers that, as a result, go into dormancy,” Ms Kimani says, explaining that the flowers are put to sleep.

A sophisticated tracking system allows staff from the shipping company to monitor the temperature, oxygen, and CO2 levels throughout the journey.

Flowers are shipped in special containers that control temperature, oxygen, and CO2 levels

But flowers destined for such a long voyage need extra attention to prepare them as soon as they are picked.

“We harvest them early in the morning, when it’s still cool and they will be the first to go into the cold room,” explains Linda Murungi from grower, Sian Flowers.

Freshly harvested roses, for instance, are then dipped into a chemical mixture to protect them from the fungus, botrytis.

After that, the stems are put into buckets to absorb a hydration solution so they can survive the thirty days without water. They are also put in a solution that curbs the growth hormone, ethylene, which causes the ageing of the flowers.

Once that process is completed, the flowers are then packed into cartons with holes in the top and bottom, which allow air from the container’s system to circulate.

Flowers are dipped in chemicals to help preserve them

Kenya has become one of the world’s biggest flower exporters thanks to its equatorial location, high altitudes, and relatively cheap labour, it competes for dominance in the market with Colombia and Ecuador.

For years, the two Latin American countries have been exporting about 10% of their flowers by sea freight to North America and Europe.

As these flowers are at sea for a much shorter period, firms exporting from Latin America do not use controlled atmosphere, or post-harvest treatments.

Kenyan exporters, however, must be extra-careful. There is no direct shipping route into Europe, instead, containers are transferred in the Middle East from smaller vessels to much larger ones.

“All processes around sea freight require extreme precision – there’s no room for shortcuts,” says Jeroen van der Hulst, chief executive at consulting company, Flower Watch. “One mistake and your flowers might arrive as compost in Europe.”

Kenya has prime climatic conditions for commercial flower growing

The Kenyan flowers’ complex journey involves a higher risk of delay, as containers occasionally miss their transfer window.

The port of Mombasa has also been known for delays and bureaucracy. Another challenge is it also lacks a so-called ‘green line’ for perishable products – flowers must queue up with all the other containers.

Due to these challenges, Kenya’s flower farmers have, in the past, been wary of sea freight preferring to transport their flowers by air but shifted during the pandemic.

The farmers saw the price of air freight soar from around $1.80 per kilo, in January 2020, to around $2.80 per kilo in June 2022, according to Harm-Jan Mostert commercial manager for Africa at Royal Flora Holland, the Dutch company behind the world’s biggest flower auction.

Sea freight is cheaper and has a lighter carbon footprint than air freight

The transport situation became so difficult that some growers even resorted to destroying parts of their harvest.

“Only this year, more than three hundred containers with ten tons of flowers each have been exported from Kenya by sea”, Mr Van der Hulst says. “That’s a substantial saving of thirty full cargo aircrafts.”

In addition to being cheaper, using sea freight can cut carbon emissions by between 84% and 95% respectively, according to a study funded by the UK government in 2021.

Although, clearly if you are worried about the carbon footprint of cut flowers, then it’s probably best to buy a seasonal bouquet grown closer to home.